God's Gift To Mankind, The Rare Fruits And Vegetab

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Couepia longipendula (Egg nut)

The Couepia longipendula (egg nut) is interesting because of its excellent flavor. This large tree is common in the forest around Manaus but although widely eaten in the rural areas, it never reaches the local market so is little known. The shell is hard and thick requiring an ax to break it. Nuts with thinner shells are said to exist in the forest. Trees are rather slow growing so grafting onto the more vigorous rootstock of C. subcordata is being considered (FAO 1986). The kernels are rich in oil which appears to have some unusual polyunsaturated fatty acids. (source - retrieved from www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-367.html on 3/29/2013)

The tropical rainforest tree Couepia longipendula is known by the common names egg nut, castanha de galinha, and pendula nut. It is found in the Amazon.
Its nuts are used as a food source in rural South America, especially in Brazil. The nuts are useful for their oil. (source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couepia_longipendula on 3/29/2013)
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Couma utilis (Sorva)

Over 5000 t of sorva latex are exported from this plant each year as a substitute for chicle gum. Much of it is obtained by destructive tapping of wild trees. Because these are being decimated quickly, Achras sapota trees are slow growing and increasingly rare and industrial substitutes are contaminated with heavy metals, there is considerable interest in establishing plantations of C. utilis. A few experimental trees have grown very fast on poor soil but tapping yields have not been obtained yet. The tree is also very decorative and the good flavored fruit are sold in local markets. The fruit might become a useful subproduct of latex plantations, however, they are too soft and not thought to be interesting enough to consider more seriously in their own right (FAO 1986). (source - retrieved from www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-367.html on 3/29/2013)

Small, round fruit, looking somewhat like a guava, with an edible sweet pulp. The versatile tree is also a source of latex, used for a variety of industrial purposes.
Description: sized tree from 15-50+ feet tall.

Propagation: By seeds.
Uses: Fruit is eaten fresh. Tree latex is eaten to treat diarrhea, worms and parasites and is used to flavor drinks (sorva). The latex is also used in making chewing gum, glue, varnish, caulk, and other industrial products. (source - retrieved from www.tradewindsfruit.com/sorva.htm on 3/29/2013)

In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

View plant and fruit in a single picture at, www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?ref=SERP&br=ro&mkt=en-US&dl=en&lp=PT_EN&a=http%3a%2f%2fpt.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fSorva

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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Cucumis callosus, Kachra, Citrullus Colocynthis (L.) Schrad.(syn. Colocynthis vulgaris, Schrad.) India (Rajasthan): the seeds of this plant are gathered, washed with salt water many times to remove the bitter principles (mostly contained in the attached pulp), or are buried with common salt in small dugouts in the sand, kept covered there for a few weeks, washed, dried, ground into flour and made into Sogra, a rather hard-baked bread. The seeds may also be mixed with Bajra flour for bread. and are reported to provide better taste and lustre to chappatis; (Rajasthan, western): seeds eaten raw, fried and roasted. The dried pulp is listed in the British pharmacopoeia as a powerful hydragogue cathartic. Indigenous methods, however, have been developed to remove the bitter or poisonous principles, since some of the pulp which contains these elements remains attached to the seeds. Chemical composition (Turkish sample): the seeds, which represented 75.5% of the entire peeled fruit, contained traces of an alkaloidal principal, a small amount of an enzyme, and 12.72% of fatty oil containing, in turn, a small amount of phytosterol. The resin is non-glucosidic but portions extracted by ether and chloroform possessed purgative properties. Soil types favored by plant (Rajasthan, western): sandy; sand dunes and open plains. Vernacular names - Rajasthan, Jaisalmer district, : Toos,Tumba, Tastumba. Rajasthan (western):Tumba. Ref. BHANDARI; GUPTA & KANODIA, POWER & MOORE., SAXENA; SHANKARNARAYAN & SAXENA. Nigeria (Kano State, northern): fruit eaten. Requires long boiling to remove bitter principle. Vernacular name - Hausa: Kwariowa. Ref. MORTIMORE.

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf. India (Rajasthan): the seeds of this watermelon, which grows on the dry sand of the desert, are dried and pounded into a flour which is then mixed with the flour of Bajra (millet) to improve its quality and quantity and to provide better taste and lustre to chapattis prepared from it. It is also used to prepare sogra, a rather hard-baked bread. The small, flat seeds, when dried, are said to taste like almonds. The seeds are also roasted and eaten raw; (Rajasthan, western): red, ripe fruit eaten; green fruit used as vegetable; seeds eaten raw and fried Cotyledons removed and eaten raw or mixed with sugar for confection. Pulp used [as base] for cooling drink. Oil is extracted from seeds. Soil types favored by plant: sandy; sand dunes. Vernacular names - Rajasthan, Jaisalmer district: Matira/Matera. This species has a wild form which is very bitter and probably poisonous. Ref. BHANDARI; GUPTA & KANODIA, SAXENA; SHANKARNARAYAN & SAXENA, WEBB.
Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. Chad (central) : fruit eaten. Vernacular name - Arabic: Bittekh. Ref. CRÉAC'H.
Coccinea cordifolia, Cognx. Chad (central): fruit eaten. Vernacular name - Arabic: Marr 'had. Ref. CRÉAC'H.
Coccinea grandis (L.) Voigt. India (Rajasthan, western ): red ripe fruit eaten raw; green fruit eaten as vegetable in curry. Vernacular names: Golenda, Kanduri, Tandli. Ref. GUPTA & KANODIA, SAXENA.
Coccinea Indica, Wight. & Arn. India (Madras Presidency): ripe fruit eaten. Vernacular names - Tamil: Covay kai. Telugu: Donda, Bimbika. Ref. SHORTT.
Coccinea trilobata, (Cogn.). Tanzania (central): leaves boiled and eaten. Vernacular name - Sandawe: Koba. Ref. NEWMAN.
Cucumis callosus (Rottle.) Cong. India (Western Rajasthan): ripe fruit eaten raw and used in curries; green fruit used as vegetable; dried fruit rind and seeds used in curries. Soil types favored by plant: sandy plains, sand dunes. Vernacular names - Kachra, Kachri, Bislambhi. Ref. GUPTA & KANODIA, SHANKARNARAYAN & SAXENA.
Cucumis melo, Blanco; L. var. agrestis, Naud. Chad (central): fruit eaten. Vernacular name - Arabic: f*gus an nas ('People's melon'). Ref. CRÉAC'H,
Cucumis momordica, Roxb. India (Madras Presidency): fruit eaten. Vernacular names - Tamil: Kaat velleri, Pythum kai. Telugu: Pedda doskay. Ref. SHORTT.
Cucumis prophetarum, L. Chad (central): fruit eaten. Vernacular name: f*gus al kulab ('Dog's melon'). Ref. CRÉAC'H.
Cucumis trigonus, Roxb. India (Bombay Presidency): fruit eaten. Vernacular name - Panch Mahals distrct, Bombay Presidency: Kachia. Australia (North Queensland): fruit eaten raw. Ref. GAMMIE, IRVINE.
Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. New Zealand: the Maori ate the young fruit in summer after baking it in earth ovens. Elsewhere (in Oceania ?), it may have been eaten only in times of famine. Ref. DODGE.
Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. (syn. Luffa aegypticaca, Mil.) Nigeria (northern): young fruits cooked and eaten by the Hausa. French Guinea: eaten like squash in soups and stews. China: fruit peeled and boiled. Chemical composition (Chinese sample): Protein = 1.4%. Fat = 0.15%. Carbohydrate = 4.28%. Ash = 0.48%. Moderate quantities of Vitamins A, B1 and B2. Moderate amounts of Vitamin C. Seed oil (Zambian sample): oil = 16%. Component esters (wt%): 16:0 = 16%. 18:0 = 13%. 18:1 = 14%. 18:2 = 3%. Vernacular names: Louffah, Vegetable Sponge, Bitter Apple, Wild Cucumber. Ref. GUNSTONE et al, IRVINE, READ, UPHOF.
Melotheria japonica, Maxim. ex Cogn. in DC. China: fresh fruit eaten raw. Vernacular name: Small Wild Gourd. Ref. READ.
Momordica balsamina, L. India (Rajasthan, western ): green fruit used as vegetable. Vernacular name: Bankarela. Ref. SAXENA.
Momordica Charantia, L. China: fruit eaten. India (Deccan): leaves eaten. Chad (central ): leaves eaten. Chemical composition (Chinese sample): Protein = 0.91%. Fat = 0.23%. Carbohydrate = 3.29%. Ash = 0.56%. Reported rich in Vitamins B1, B2, and C, with some Vitamin A present. Vernacular names - English: Balsam Pear, Bitter Gourd. Chad (central) - Arabic: Il iero. Ref. CRÉAC'H, READ, WATT.
Momordica dioica, Roxb. India (Bombay Presidency): fruit eaten; (Western Rajasthan): ripe fruit eaten; unripe, green fruit eaten as vegetable in curry. Soil type favored by plant: sandy. Vernacular names - Bombay Presidency, Panch Mahals district,: Kankodan, Kantola. Rajasthan (western): Kankera, Bara -karela, Kankoda. RajasthanRef. GAMMIE; GUPTA & KANODIA, SAXENA.
Rhynocarpa foetida, Schrad.; C.B. Clark in Hook. f. India: fruit and leaves eaten. Ref. GAMMIE, WATT.

Trichosanthus cucumerina, Buch.-Ham, ex Wall.; Miq.; Thunb.; Wall. (syn. [?] Trichosanthus pubera, Blume.) [Shortt gives Trichianthis cucumera. The supposition is made this is a misspelling of the genus and species here entered]. India (place not specified): fruit eaten; (Madras Presidency): fruit curried. Vernacular names - Tamil: Pepoodel. Telugu: Chayud pottah. Ref. SHORTT, WATT.

Trichonsanthus japonica, Regel. China: the root, rich in starch, is peeled, cut into slices, soaked in repeated changes of water for five days until they disintegrate, and then mashed to a pulp which is made into steamed cakes. The pulp of the fruit is also eaten (source - retrieved from www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods/ff_families/CUCURBITACEAE.html on 3/29/2013)

Most of the plants in this family should be regarded as famine foods only, and NOT for everyday use. Many are poisonous unless specially treated.
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].


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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Cuphea spp.

The several hundred widely spread species in this genus have been of interest for about a decade, because of the unique composition of their seed oils. This varies with species, with the most interesting having over 80% lauric acid (Graham et al. 1981, Graham and Kleiman 1985). As most species are small herbaceous plants and many are adapted to the colder regions of highland Mexico, it is hoped that a mechanized crop suitable for temperate climates might be developed and reduce the dependency of lauric oil importing countries on wildly fluctuating supplies from coconut producers. Satisfactory yields have not been achieved in the USA because of shattering (Hirsinger and Knowles 1984, Hirsinger 1985). Attention has been drawn to several other problems such as seed dormancy, slow growth and the variable chromosome numbers and fatty acid composition observed in different species (Arkcoll 1988). Many wild species have not yet been studied and an effort is being made to collect this germplasm in order to locate desirable characteristics. Research is also in progress to obtain indehiscence through mutations and also to splice the appropriate Cuphea genes into a conventional crop such as rape (Thompson 1984, Tokay 1985). Sudden success in either of these efforts could lead rapidly to the development of an important new crop to supply the enormous market for lauric oils. It would also help to expand markets for medium chain (mixtures of C8 and C10) triglycerides that have considerable commercial potential, especially as lubricants and nutritionally desirable and medically useful oils (Bach and Babayan 1982). There is considerable interest in the pharmacological properties of extracts from the whole plant of some species used as a cure-all in local folk medicine in Brazil. There is now scientific confirmation of several potentially useful separate effects including depression of the central nervous system and the ability to reduce blood pressure in experimental animals (Ericeira et al. 1984). (source - retrieved from www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-367.html on 3/29/2013)

Several Cuphea species are popular ornamental plants or honey plants. C. ignea 'David Verity' and C. micropetalia are popular plants to attract hummingbirds.
Some species of Cuphea are used to produce cuphea oil, of interest as sources of medium-chain triglycerides. For most purposes, cuphea oil is identical to coconut oil and palm oil; these are derived from strictly tropical plants however and – particularly in the latter case – the expanding production of which has caused a considerable amount of habitat destruction. Cuphea may thus produce a valuable source of income for farmers in temperate regions, and by supplementing coconut and palm oil to satisfy the growing demand (e.g. for biodiesel production) at the same time decreasing the need for wholesale logging in tropical countries. Early attempts at commercial production have focused on an interspecific hybrid population derived from C. lanceolata and Clammy Cuphea (C. viscosissima).

Cuphea has also been shown to improve agricultural crops in North America when used in crop rotation. Crop rotation is commonly practiced among farmers to improve soil quality, control host-specific pests, and decrease the use of fertilizers and pesticides. When cuphea was introduced into the crop rotation of corn and wheat, scientists from the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA found that the addition of cuphea had positive effects on the following harvest, including a higher yield of crop and crops that are higher in protein.[1] Such research reveals how cuphea can be used in agriculture to increase the profitability of crops like wheat and corn.
The seed oils of some species are very rich in one particular fatty acid. C. painteri oil, for example, is about three-quarters caprylic acid; C. carthagenensis oil consists of about 80% lauric acid. C. koehneana oil may be the richest natural source of a single fatty acid, with 95% of its content consisting of capric acid.

Selected species

Cuphea procumbens fruits
* Cuphea aspera Chapman
* Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F.MacBr.
* Cuphea cyanea DC.
* Cuphea decandra W.T.Aiton
* Cuphea epilobiifolia
* Cuphea hookeriana Walp.
* Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth – false heather, Mexican heather
* Cuphea ignea A.DC.
* Cuphea ingrata Cham. et Schltdl.
* Cuphea jorullensis Kunth
* Cuphea koehneana Rose
* Cuphea laminuligera Koehne
* Cuphea lanceolata W.T.Aiton
* Cuphea linarioides Cham. et Schltdl.
* Cuphea llavea Lex. – bat-faced cuphea [4]
* Cuphea lutea Rose
* Cuphea lutescens Hoehne
* Cuphea melvilla Lindl.
* Cuphea mesostemon Koehne
* Cuphea micropetala Kunth
* Cuphea nudicostata
* Cuphea painteri Rose
* Cuphea procumbens Ortega
* Cuphea salvadorensis Standl.
* Cuphea speciosa Mart.
* Cuphea strigulosa
* Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. – clammy cuphea, blue waxweed, tarweed
* Cuphea wrightii A.Gray[5]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cuphea


Wikispecies has information related to: Cuphea
1. ^ "Cuphea P. Browne". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1994-09-07. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
3. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. I: A-C. CRC Press. p. 664. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
4. ^ Rainy Side Gardeners: Cuphea llavea 'Tiny Mice'
5. ^ "Species Records of Cuphea". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
Categories:
* Cuphea
* Lythraceae (source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuphea on //2013)

In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

View plant and fruit at, www.bing.com/images/search?q=Cuphea+spp.+&qpvt=Cuphea+spp.+&FORM=IGRE

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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Murraya koenigii, a tree which produces an aromatic leaf often used in Indian cuisine. . The curry tree is a tropical to sub-tropical tree in the family Rutaceae, which is native to India.
Its leaves are used in many dishes in India and neighbouring countries. Often used in curries, the leaves generally go by the name "curry leaves", though they are also translated as "sweet neem leaves" in most Indian languages (as opposed to ordinary neem leaves which are bitter).

It is a small tree, growing 4–6 m (13-20 feet) tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm diameter. The leaves are pinnate, with 11-21 leaflets, each leaflet 2–4 cm long and 1–2 cm broad. They are highly aromatic. The flowers are small, white, and fragrant. [SOURCE - RETRIEVED FROM en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_Tree ON 1/05/2013]

CAUTION – NEVER EAT THE SEEDS OF THE SMALL FRUIT ON THIS TREE AS THEY ARE QUITE POISONESS.
The leaves are highly valued as seasoning in southern and west-coast Indian cooking, and Sri Lankan cooking, especially in curries, usually fried along with the chopped onion in the first stage of the preparation. They are also used to make thoran, vada, rasam and kadhi. In their fresh form, they have a short shelf life, and they don't keep well in the refrigerator. They are also available dried, though the aroma is largely inferior.
Although most commonly used in curries, leaves from the curry tree can be used in many other dishes to add flavor. In Cambodia, Khmer toast the leaves in open flame or roasted it to a crunch and crushed it into a soured soup dish called Maju Krueng.

Seeds must be ripe and fresh to plant; dried or shriveled fruits are not viable. One can plant the whole fruit, but it's best to remove the pulp before planting in potting mix that is kept moist but not wet.
Stem cuttings can be also used for propagation. [source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_Tree on 1/05/2013]
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

Curry leaves are the young leaves of the Curry Tree/Plant, a member of the Rutaceae family that grows wild and in gardens all over India. Fresh curry leaves are oval in shape and best used at about 1 inch in length. They have a pungent and bitter smell much like the leaves of a citrus tree. Leaves are most powerful when fresh, but can be dried and used to less effect.

Curry leaves are commonly used as seasoning in Indian and Sri Lankan cooking, much like bay leaves and provide a flavouring for curries, vegetable, fish and meat dishes, soups (rasams), pickles, butter milk preparations, chutneys, scrambled eggs and curry powder blends. For some recipes, the leaves are oven-dried or toasted immediately before use. Another common technique is short frying in butter or oil. (Taken from Wikipedia)

The curry leaf is also said to have medicinal properties, the juice of curry leaves mixed with water is used by some to combat high blood pressure (hypertension). For this treatment; make a juice of 25-30 curry leaves with 1 cup of water, strain and drink first thing in the morning. Limejuice can be added for taste. [source - retrieved from 247curry.com/Curry_Leaf.htm on 1/02/2013]

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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the custard-apple, also called bullock's heart or bull's heart, is the fruit of the tree Annona reticulata. This species is a small deciduous or semievergreen tree sometimes reaching 10 m (33 ft) tall; it is a native of the tropical New World that prefers low elevations, and a warm, humid climate. It is cultivated in many tropical countries, and also occurs as feral populations in many parts of the world, including Southeast Asia, Taiwan, India, Pakistan, Australia, and Africa.

The fruits are variable in shape, oblong, or irregular. The size ranges from 7–12 cm (2.8–4.7 in). When ripe, the fruit is brown or yellowish, with red highlights and a varying degree of reticulation, depending on variety. The flavor is sweet and pleasant, akin to the taste of 'traditional' custard. [source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard-apple on 1/05/2013]

Both in tree and in fruit, the custard apple, Annona reticulata L., is generally rated as the mediocre or "ugly duckling" species among the prominent members of this genus. Its descriptive English name has been widely misapplied to other species and to the hybrid ATEMOYA, and it is sometimes erroneously termed "sugar apple", "sweetsop" and, by Spanish-speaking people, "anon" or "rinon", in India, "ramphal", all properly applied only to Annona squamosa. It has, itself, acquired relatively few appropriate regional names. Most commonly employed as an alternate name in English-speaking areas is bullock's-heart or bull's-heart; in French, coeur de boeuf; Portuguese, coracao de boi; in Spanish, often merely corazon—all alluding to its form and external blush. The skin color is reflected in the Bolivian name, chirimoya roia, the Salvadoran anona rosada, and the Guatemalan anona roja or anona colorada. In the latter country it is also known as anona de seso. Araticum ape or araticum do mato are additional names in Brazil. Some people refer to it as Jamaica apple, or as netted custard apple, which is translated as anona de redecilla in Honduras and Nicaragua. Cachiman, cachiman coeur de boeuf and corossol sauvage may be heard in the French-influenced West Indies.

The custard apple tree is not especially attractive. It is erect, with a rounded or spreading crown and trunk 10 to 14 in (25-35 cm) thick. Height ranges from 15 to 35 ft (4.5-10 m). The ill-smelling leaves are deciduous, alternate, oblong or narrow-lanceolate, 4 to 8 in (10-20 cm) long, 3/4 to 2 in (2 5 cm) wide, with conspicuous veins. Flowers, in drooping clusters, are fragrant, slender, with 3 outer fleshy, narrow petals 3/4 to 1 1/4 in (2 3 cm) long; light-green externally and pale-yellow with a dark-red or purple spot on the inside at the base. The flowers never fully open.

The compound fruit, 3 l/4 to 6 1/2 in (8-16 cm) in diameter, may be symmetrically heart-shaped, lopsided, or irregular; or nearly round, or oblate, with a deep or shallow depression at the base. The skin, thin but tough, may be yellow or brownish when ripe, with a pink, reddish or brownish-red blush, and faintly, moderately, or distinctly reticulated. There is a thick, cream-white layer of custardlike, somewhat granular, flesh beneath the skin surrounding the concolorous moderately juicy segments, in many of which there is a single, hard, dark-brown or black, glossy seed, oblong, smooth, less than 1/2 in (1.25 cm) long. Actual seed counts have been 55, 60 and 76. A pointed, fibrous, central core, attached to the thick stem, extends more than halfway through the fruit. The flavor is sweet and agreeable though without the distinct character of the cherimoya, sugar apple, or atemoya. [source - retrieved from www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/custard_apple.html on 1/04/2013]

In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org]
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Cultivars
'Tikal'
is of excellent quality and medium yield; its flesh is bright-red, except in the white areas surrounding the seeds.
'Canul'
has a medium fruit with a waxy, shiny dark-red surface and purplish red flesh; it is very aromatic and deliciously sweet with few concretions of hard cells.
'Sarteneja'
has a medium fruit with a waxy, shiny red surface and pink flesh with a magnificent taste and texture, although the fruit is not as attractive in appearance as that of the previous two cultivars. The tree is sturdier.
'San Pablo'
has a long, large fruit with an opaque, light-red surface. The flesh is dark-pink with a good aroma and taste. It is a vigorous, productive cultivar.
'Benque'
has a big, conical fruit with a dark-red surface and very tasty dark-pink flesh.
'Caledonia'
has a small fruit with a dark surface: it is very attractive to cochineal insects (Philophaedra spp.), which are not very common in other varieties. The flesh is pink and has an excellent taste.
'Chonox'
has a medium fruit with a red skin and juicy, very tasty pink flesh; it is very productive, so often has low-quality fruit. It produces abundant flowers in groups of up to 16 [source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard-apple on 1/05/2013]

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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Darwin's Barberry Berberis darwinii

Small blue/purple edible berry growing on an ornamental bush. Berberis darwinii is an evergreen Shrub growing to 9 feet by 11 feet at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone 7 and is not frost tender. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by insects, self.The plant is self-fertile. It is noted for attracting wildlife.

Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay and nutritionally poor soils. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid soils.

It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist soil. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure. (source - retrieved from www.seedman.com/fruit.htm on 4/2/2013)

Berberis darwinii is a species of barberry in the family Berberidaceae,[1] native to southern Chile and Argentina. Common names include 'Darwin's Barberry' and (Argentinean-Chilean Spanish) 'Michay'.

It is an evergreen thorny shrub growing to 3–4 m tall, with dense branches from ground level. The leaves are small oval, 12–25 mm long and 5–12 mm broad, with a spiny margin; they are borne in clusters of 2–5 together, subtended by a three-branched spine 2–4 mm long. The flowers are orange, 4–5 mm long, produced in dense racemes 2–7 cm long in spring. The fruit is a small purple-black berry 4–7 mm diameter, ripening in summer.

B. darwinii was discovered (in Western science) in South America in 1835 by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the 'Beagle'; however, the berries of this species were consumed by prehistoric native peoples[2] in the Patagonian region over millennia. The species was one of many named in honour of Darwin.[3]
It is a popular garden and hedging shrub in the British Isles. The Royal Horticultural Society has given the species its Award of Garden Merit.[4] The edible fruit is very acidic.

B. darwinii is regarded as an invasive plant pest in New Zealand[5] that escaped from gardens into indigenous plant communities via its bird-dispersed seeds.[6] It is considered a serious threat to indigenous ecosystems throughout New Zealand[7] and is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord. In Australia, the species is naturalised in the states of South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania.[8]


References
1. ^ Chilebosque: Berberis darwinii [1] Retrieved Aug. 2008
2. ^ C.Michael Hogan (2008) Cueva del Milodon, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [2]
3. ^ New York Academy of Sciences, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Published by The Academy, 1909
4. ^ apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=233
5. ^ Darwin's barberry, Containment pest plants, Greater Wellington Regional Council website, retrieved 12 January 2009.
6. ^ Darwin’s barberry, DOC's weed work, Department of Conservation website, retrieved 4 January 2011.
7. ^ Seedling Recruitment of the Invasive Species Berberis Darwinii (Darwin's Barberry): What Contributes to Invasion Success?, McAlpine, Katherine (Kate) Grace, 2005, Victoria University of Wellington doctoral thesis, retrieved 12 January 2009.
8. ^ "Berberis darwinii". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra. Retrieved 20 March 2012. (source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberis_darwinii on 4/2/2013)

In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

View plant and fruit at, www.google.com/search?q=Darwin%27s+Barberry+Berberis+darwinii&hl=en&client=firefox&hs=etY&rls=com.yahoo:en-US:official&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=copbUZr7AeH20gGQg4HwDQ&ved=0CDsQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=854


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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, cultivated for its edible sweet fruit. Although its place of origin is unknown because of long cultivation, it probably originated from lands around Iraq. It grows 70–75 feet in height, growing singly or forming a clump with several stems from a single root system. The leaves are 4–6 m long, with spines on the petiole, and pinnate, with about 150 leaflets; the leaflets are 30 cm long and 2 cm wide. The full span of the crown ranges from 6 to 10 m. Dates contain 20–70 calories each, depending on size and species.

The fruit is known as a date. The fruit's English name (through Old French), as well as the Latin species name dactylifera, both come from the Greek word for "finger," dáktulos, because of the fruit's elongated shape. Dates are oval-cylindrical, 3–7 cm long, and 2–3 cm diameter, and when ripe, range from bright red to bright yellow in colour, depending on variety. Dates contain a single stone about 2–2.5 cm long and 6–8 mm thick. Three main cultivar groups of date exist: soft (e.g. 'Barhee', 'Halawy', 'Khadrawy', 'Medjool'), semi-dry (e.g. 'Dayri', 'Deglet Noor', 'Zahdi'), and dry (e.g. 'Thoory'). The type of fruit depends on the glucose, fructose and sucrose content.

The date palm is dioecious, having separate male and female plants. They can be easily grown from seed, but only 50% of seedlings will be female and hence fruit bearing, and dates from seedling plants are often smaller and of poorer quality. Most commercial plantations thus use cuttings of heavily cropping cultivars. Plants grown from cuttings will fruit 2–3 years earlier than seedling plants.
Dates are naturally wind pollinated but in both traditional oasis horticulture and in the modern commercial orchards they are entirely pollinated manually. Natural pollination occurs with about an equal number of male and female plants. However, with assistance, one male can pollinate up to 100 females. Since the males are of value only as pollinators, this allows the growers to use their resources for many more fruit producing female plants. Some growers do not even maintain any male plants as male flowers become available at local markets at pollination time. Manual pollination is done by skilled labourers on ladders. In some areas such as Iraq the pollinator climbs the tree using a special climbing tool that wraps around the tree trunk and the climber's back to keep him attached to the trunk while climbing. Less often the pollen may be blown onto the female flowers by a wind machine.

Fresh dates, clockwise from top right: crunchy, crunchy opened, soft out of skin, soft.

Parthenocarpic cultivars are available but the seedless fruit is smaller and of lower quality.[citation needed]
Dates ripen in four stages, which are known throughout the world by their Arabic names kimri (unripe), khlal (full-size, crunchy), rutab (ripe, soft), tamar (ripe, sun-dried).

Dates are an important traditional crop in Iraq, Arabia, and north Africa west to Morocco and are mentioned more than 50 times in the Bible. In Islamic culture, dates and yogurt or milk are traditionally the first foods consumed for Iftar after the sun has set during Ramadan. Dates (especially Medjool and Deglet Noor) are also cultivated in southern California, Arizona and southern Florida in the United States.
Date palms can take 4 to 8 years after planting before they will bear fruit, and produce viable yields for commercial harvest between 7 to 10 years. Mature date palms can produce 80–120 kilograms (176–264 lb) of dates per harvest season, although they do not all ripen at the same time so several harvests are required. In order to get fruit of marketable quality, the bunches of dates must be thinned and bagged or covered before ripening so that the remaining fruits grow larger and are protected from weather and pests such as birds. [source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera on 1/04/2013]
In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

Instructions for starting and planting date seeds:
1.
o 1
Purchase date palm seeds or some whole dates at the local grocery store. If you buy whole dates, take off as much of the meat off the seed as you can. Then soak the seeds for 48 hours in a bowl of water. Change the water two or three times and pick the rest of meat off with a pair of tweezers. The meat on the seed will cause mold if not picked off.
o 2
Place vermiculite in a sandwich-sized plastic dish that has a lid. Mix in 2 tsp. of water and the seeds. Place the lid on the dish and put it in a warm place in your home. Some warm places may be over your stove, over a water heater or near a heater boiler.
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o 3
Check the seeds every two or three days. If the vermiculite gets completely dry, add a few drops of water. Watch for the seeds to sprout.
o 4
Place sprouted seeds in a small flower pot full of compost, just under the surface. Water them enough to dampen soil, but don't over water. Keep warm and damp and you will see a leaf start to grow from the soil.
o 5
Transplant into a larger pot by putting a layer of stones and filling the rest of the pot with well-draining soil. Dig a hole in the center and place the entire contents of the small pot in the hole. Place the pot in a sunny place. Transplant outside when the plant is about 4 feet tall.
o 6
Decide on a place in your yard to plant the seedling tree. It will need full sun and it will grow up to 100 feet, so it will need plenty of space. Plant the tree outside when it is warm both day and night.
o 7
Plant the tree by digging a hole larger than the pot. Line the hole with compost and place all the dirt and tree from its pot into the hole. Fertilize with fertilizer made for fruit trees or manure. If using manure, don't let it touch the trunk of a very young tree.
o 8
Water when the soil feels dry. As the tree gets larger, water every week to every other week in summer, but water longer. It will only need to be watered every 20 to 30 days the rest of the year. [source - retrieved from www.ehow.com/how_5009733_grow-date-trees-seed.html on 1/04/2013]

Read more: How to Grow Date Trees From a Seed | eHow.com www.ehow.com/how_5009733_grow-date-trees-seed.html#ixzz2HKXG0kTa.
How this tree and other plants absorb water from the ground. Plants have developed an effective system to absorb, translocate, store, and utilize water. Plants contain a vast network of conduits, which consists of xylem and phloem tissues. These conducting tissues start in the roots and continue up through the trunks of trees, into the branches and then into every leaf. Phloem tissue is made of living elongated cells that are connected to one another and responsible for translocating nutrients and sugars (carbohydrates), which are produced by leaves for energy and growth. The xylem is also composed of elongated cells but once the cells are formed, they die. The walls of the xylem cells still remain intact and serve as an excellent peipline to transport water from the roots to the leaves.

The main driving force of water uptake and transport into a plant is transpiration of water from leaves through specialized openings called stomata. Heat from the sun causes the water to evaporate, setting this ‘water chain’ in motion. The evaporation creates a negative water vapor pressure. Water is pulled into the leaf to replace the water that has transpired from the leaf. This pulling of water, or tension, occurs in the xylem of the leaf. Since the xylem is a continuous water column that extends from the leaf to the roots, this negative water pressure extends into the roots and results in water uptake from the soil. [adapted from: www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=follow-up-how-do-trees-ca ]

Clearly this clever water transport system shows a superior intelligence of the Creator (YHWH).


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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth. "Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Date Plum Diospyros lotus

A type of persimmon tree, produces a small fruit with a taste similar to both dates and plums. Known by the ancient Greeks as the fruit of the gods, the date plum is renowned for its sweet taste.

It is a decidious tree that is native to Middle East and South Asia, especially from China and Japan. This tree can reach up to 90 ft (30 m) tall in warm areas, but will generally be smaller. (Up to about 30 ft -10 m- tall) it bears edible small fruits in autumn.

The leaves of the date plum are decidious, and are about up to 4-5 in (10 - 12.5 cm) long. Flowers - Flowers are small and yellow-green, and are dioecious. At least both a male and female plant will be required to get viable seeds. A pack of 10 seeds will usually produce both male and female plants, can be pollinated by other persimmons.

The date plum is a close relative to the persimon. However, the date plum is a smaller fruit, as it is about 0.75 in (2 cm) wide. It is a globose yellow fruit that turns purple-brown when fully ripe. Like the persimon, the date plum looses its astringency when fully ripe. The flesh is then very soft and rich in flavour.

This tree is frost hardy down to -15°F (-25°C) and less. It can easily be grown in USDA zones 5 and warmer. The date plum needs a fairly well-drained and deep ground. (source - retrieved from www.seedman.com/fruit.htm on 4/3/2013)

Distribution and ecology
The species area extends from East Asia to the west of the Mediterranean, down to Spain. The Date-plum is native to southwest Asia and southeast Europe. It was known to the ancient Greeks as "the fruit of the gods" i.e. Dios pyros (lit. "the wheat of Zeus"), hence the scientific name of the genus. Its English name probably derives from Persian Khormaloo,literally "Date-Plum", referring to the taste of this fruit which is reminiscent of both plums and dates. This species is one candidate for the "lotus tree" mentioned in The Odyssey: it was so delicious that those who ate it forgot about returning home and wanted to stay and eat lotus with the lotus-eaters.[1]

The tree grows in the lower and middle mountain zones in the Caucasus. They usually grow up to 600 m above sea level. In Central Asia, it rises higher—up to 2000 m. They rarely grow in stands but often grows with the frame, ash, maple and other deciduous species. It is not demanding on the soil and can grow on rocky slopes but requires a well lit environment.

It is cultivated at the limits of its range, as well as in the U.S. and North Africa.

Biological description
This is a tree height of 15–30 m with sloughing of aging bark.
The leaves are shiny, leathery, oval shape with pointed ends, 5–15 cm long and 3–6 cm in width.

The flowers are small, greenish, appearing in June to July.
Fruits are berries with juicy flesh, yellow when ripe, 1–2 cm in diameter. Seeds with thin skin and a very hard endosperm.
*
The fruit of date-plum.
*
The leaves of date-plum.
*
The trunk of date-plum.

Usage
Caucasian persimmon fruits are edible and contain lots of sugars, malic acid, and vitamins. They are used as fresh fruits or after frost, but usually dried. Drying and frost destroy their tartness.

References
1. ^ Homer. "The Odyssey". Project Gutenberg. p. 76. Retrieved 2007-10-13. (source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date-plum on 4/3/2013)

In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

View plant and fruit at, www.google.com/search?q=Date+Plum+Diospyros+lotus&hl=en&client=firefox&hs=c7j&rls=com.yahoo:en-US:official&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=ADNcUcmlO8Wn4AOQ_YFY&ved=0CEMQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=854


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Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Decaisnea Lindl. is a synonym of Tropidia, an orchid genus.

Classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Order:
Ranunculales
Family:
Lardizabalaceae
Genus:
Decaisnea
Hook.f. & Thomson
Species
Decaisnea fargesii
Decaisnea insignis
Decaisnea also known as dead man's fingers is a genus of flowering plant in the family Lardizabalaceae, native to eastern Asia, from China west to Nepal and south to Myanmar.

The genus comprises one or two species, depending on taxonomic opinion. Decaisnea insignis (Griffith) Hook.f. & Thomson was described from Nepal, and is sometimes restricted to the plants occurring in the Himalaya, with Chinese plants distinguished as Decaisnea fargesii Franchet. The only cited distinction (e.g. Bean 1973, Rushforth 1999) between the plants from the two regions is the fruit colour, yellow-green in D. insignis and bluish in D. fargesii. This is of little significance and the two are now combined under the older name D. insignis by some authors (e.g. Flora of China).

They are deciduous shrubs or small trees growing to 5-8 m tall with trunks up to 20 cm diameter. The leaves are pinnate, 60-90 cm long, with 13-25 leaflets, each leaflet 7-15 cm long and 5-10 cm broad. The flowers are produced in drooping panicles 25-50 cm long, each flower greenish-yellow, 3-6 cm diameter, with six sepals and no petals. The fruit is a soft greenish-yellow to bluish pod-like follicle 7-10 cm long and 2-3 cm diameter, filled with an edible transparent glutinous jelly-like pulp containing numerous flat black seeds 1 cm diameter.
Cultivation and uses


Decaisnea fargesii fruit
Decaisnea is grown as an ornamental plant for its bold foliage and decorative fruit, bright blue in many cultivated plants, hence the common name dead man's fingers. Most plants in cultivation derive from Chinese seed and are commonly grown under the name D. fargesii.

Decaisnea belongs to the chocolate vine family. Its range covers the Himalayas to western China. The plants are deciduous shrubs and noted for their showy ornamental edible fruit. It is not very hard to grow in cooler temperate climates, in a fertile, well-drained soil. They are quite frost hardy, able to tolerate temperatures down to at least -15°C (5°F). USDA Zones 6-10 (source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decaisnea on 4/1/2013)

Noteworthy Characteristics
Decaisnea fargesii is an upright, multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub that is native to woodlands, thickets, mountain slopes and ravines in western China, Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, Nepal and Sikkim. This shrub typically grows to 20' tall and as wide. It is ornamentally grown in some areas for its long odd-pinnate leaves, its monoecious flowers in drooping racemes and its exceptional metallic blue bean-like fruit pods. Each leaf (to 36" long) has 13-25 ovate to elliptic leaflets that are dark green above and glaucous green beneath. Drooping racemes (to 18" long) of apetalous, bell-shaped, green to yellow-green flowers bloom in summer. Although individual flowers are not particularly showy, the large racemes in bloom are interesting and attractive. Flowers give way to the piece de resistance: cylindrical, bean-like seed pods (to 4" long) that ripen to blue in fall. It is these fruits (actually fleshy follicles) that distinguish this plant. Common names of deadman's fingers, blue sausage fruit, blue cucumber shrub and blue bean tree all convey the general message that the fruits are quite interesting and unique. Fruits will split open at maturity to reveal a large mass of seeds imbedded in edible pulp. Lepchas (aboriginal inhabitants of Sikkim) relish this fruit, but it is not eaten much outside its native geographic range. This species was discovered by Pere Paul Guillaume Farges (1844-1912) who lived in China and collected and recorded plants there from 1867 until his death. Decaisnea was originally considered to have only two species, D. insignis and D. fargesii, with the only difference between the two being that the former had yellow green fruit and the latter had blue fruit. Today, some experts continue to list two different species (see Royal Horticultural Society), but others have combined both species into D. insignis (see Flora of China). (source - retrieved from www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/d289/decaisnea-fargesii.aspx on 4/1/2013)

The strange blue sausage fruits bears 3-5", slender fruits that look much like its name suggests. Fruits are edible, with a somewhat sweet flavor, through are not cultivated. Popular as an ornamental or conversation piece. Deciduous, grows to 10-15 feet. Hardy to 0F and a bit lower (source - retrieved from www.tradewindsfruitstore.com/servlet/the-2131/Decaisnea-fargesii--dsh--Blue/Detail on 4/1/2013)


In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

View this plant and fruit at, www.google.com/search?q=Decaisnea+Fargesii&hl=en&client=firefox&hs=YhB&rls=com.yahoo:en-US:official&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=KS5aUZr6FfW14AODsYDgDQ&ved=0CDcQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=854


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Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Dialium schlechteri, An African fruit tree bearing 1", velvet skinned, red-brown fruits with a dry, orange pulp. The pulp is said to taste like sherbet and is popular amongst locals in the tree's native range. Native to southern parts of Africa

Distribution:
Mozambique

Range:
northern KwaZulu-Natal;
Habitat:
In lowland dry woodland and dry forest on sand or alluvial soils associated with <i>Acacia, Albizia, Afzelia, Terminalia, Balanites, Euphorbia</i>; below 200 m.

Description:
Tree 5–10 m high; bark smooth, ± grey. Young branches minutely puberulous. Leaves: petiole and rachis together (3)5–9(14) cm long, puberulous; leaflets (7)9–11(13), alternate or the lower opposite, or occasionally all opposite except the terminal one, 1–3.5(4.3) × 0.7–2 cm, the lower ones broadly ovate and rounded at the base, the upper ones elliptic and cuneate at the base, asymmetric at the base, broadly rounded or rarely slightly acuminate at the apex, glabrous or with a few hairs on the midrib beneath; petiolule 1–2 mm long, puberulous. Flowers 6–8 mm across, in panicles up to 25 × 20 cm; inflorescence axes puberulous to appressed pubescent; pedicels 1–3 mm. Buds and sepals up to 3–3.5 mm long, densely covered in appressed brown hairs outside; sepals white or cream or yellowish-green inside. Petals 0, or rarely two sepal-like structures present in addition to the five sepals in some flowers. Stamens 6–10; anthers 1–1.5 mm long; filaments 1.5–2.5 mm long. Ovary c.1 mm long, brown tomentose; style 2–3 mm, glabrous or with a few hairs towards the base. Fruits 1.2–2 × 1–1.5 cm, slightly elongate, smoothly rounded at apex with style base not showing, densely dark brown-puberulous to -tomentellous. Seeds 1 or 2, brown, shiny, 8–9 × 3.5–5 mm and ± lenticular when only one developing, c.8 × 5 × 4 mm and elongate with ± triangular cross-section when two per fruit.

Notes:
Conservation notes: Probably Lower Risk, Least Concern. This species has hitherto been described as having 10 stamens, but dissection of young flowers of a number of collections now reveals that there may be any number from 6 to 10, often (but not always) apparently a constant number in any one plant. One collection, Barbosa & Lemos 7962, has sometimes had 7 perianth segments, poorly differentiated between sepals and petals. Some collections from near Inhambane (Gomes e Sousa 1650 and 1675) have rather large coriaceous leaflets with a slightly acuminate apex, rather approaching those of D. holtzii, but in all other respects they agree well with D. schlechteri. (source - retrieved from apps.kew.org/efloras/namedetail.do?flora=fz&taxon=10884&nameid=27766 on //2013)

In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

The only pictures available are in a foreign language page on this tree at, www.falconlabs.com.ua/catalog.php?sho=1&elsh=2549&catid=3&scat=7

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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth. "Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Monkey Plum, Diospyros lycioides, occurs in Central Africa, southern Tanzania, throughout southern Africa, including South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, but excluding the winter-rainfall area. It is occasionally cultivated in South Africa and elsewhere in the tropics. In Australia it also naturalized and categorized as a weed.

Vernacular names

Bluebush, bluebush star-apple, red star-apple, monkey plum, African persimmon (En). Plaqueminier élégant (Fr).

Uses

Pieces of root of Diospyros lycioides are widely and commonly used as toothbrush, and pieces of the stem are used similarly in some areas. The small-sized wood is mainly suitable for small items of furniture and carvings such as trinket boxes, sthingys and handles for tools and implements. Occasionally the wood is used in hut construction, especially where smaller branches are needed. It is also used for fencing and as fuel. The leaves are important browse for both domestic and wild animals, although it is said to taint the milk of cows. In southern Africa the fruit and seed are used as food and are also used to make beer. Fruits are also fermented to distil alcohol. The roasted ground seeds were once used as a coffee substitute. A yellowish brown dye is obtained from the roots while the bark is used for tanning skins. In Botswana the dye is used to colour palm leaves for basketry. The plant is a bee forage. In South Africa and some parts of Europe, Diospyros lycioides is planted in gardens and used in landscaping.

The roots are used medicinally by local people. The root is chewed for the treatment of colds and coughs. The powdered root or a root extract is used against eye ailments. The roasted and powdered root mixed with mutton fat makes a thorn plaster and is used to ease body pain. The powdered root bark is used as an abortifacient; it is also rubbed into scarifications to treat patients with pneumonia or snake-bites. Root decoctions are held in the mouth to allay toothache or gargled against a sore throat, and they are drunk against female infertility, blood in the stool, abdominal pain, body pain, cardiac pain, and epilepsy. Root decoctions are taken against dysmenorrhoea and form part of a medicine given to vomiting babies. The root decoction and the raw fruit are considered to be effective against tuberculosis. In South Africa decoctions of the root mixed with those of Cassia petersiana (Bolle) Lock and Euclea natalensis A.DC. are eaten with sheep or goat meat to treat epilepsy and asthma.
The Venda people use Diospyros lycioides, mixed with Gardenia sp., to appease the spirit of a young man who has died before marriage. In times of war they use parts of this tree mixed with hedgehog prickles and duiker blood to provide protection against enemies. In Zimbabwe and Malawi pieces of root are buried in the corners of the house as protection against witchcraft.

Production and international trade

The fruits are traded locally in southern Africa. In Australia Diospyros lycioides is a quarantined weed which requires assessment before entry into the country. There are no restrictions on its importation in the United States.

Properties
Chewing the root gives the teeth a yellow colour. In a health survey in Namibia users of Diospyros lycioides toothbrushes were found to have less caries than non-users. Early analyses of extracts of the leaves and young twigs yielded lupeol and ursolic acid. Later, methanol extracts of the twigs were found to inhibit growth of several common oral pathogens, including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis which supports their use as chewing sticks. The bactericidal effect has been attributed to several naphthalene glycosides (named diospyrosides), bi-naphthalenone glycosides, and the naphtoquinones juglone and 7-methyljuglone. Methylnaphthazarin, mamegakinone and 8’-hydroxyisodiospyrin have been identified in a trichlormethanol extract of the powdered root bark.

The heartwood of Diospyros lycioides is pink-brown and distinct from the paler sapwood. The wood is moderately durable. It is resistant to impregnation and tends to warp if not properly stacked and dried slowly. It saws cleanly and holds nails well. It planes to a fairly smooth finish. It takes paint and varnish well and glues firmly. The wood sands and polishes well. Mechanical strength and shrinkage values not known. Weight at 12% moisture content is about 750 kg/m³. The commercial availability of timber is restricted due to small size.

The fruit pulp contains per 100 g: water 78.0 g, energy 296 kJ (71 kcal), protein 0.9 g, fat 0.1 g, carbohydrate 16.5 g, crude fibre 3.5 g, Ca 66.8 mg, Mg 39.7 mg, P 13.7 mg, Fe 1.0 mg, Zn 0.3 mg, thiamin 0.11 mg, riboflavin 0.09 mg, niacin 0.17 mg, ascorbic acid 45.2 mg (Wehmeijer, A.S., 1986). The fruit is not very popular; it may be slightly poisonous for humans.

In South Africa the nutritional value of the browse was analyzed. Leaves contain 12–14 g crude protein per 100 g dry matter, twigs 7.6 g when 2 mm in diameter, 4.6 g at 10 mm diameter and further declining with thickness. Another analysis indicated that the leaves contain per 100 g dry matter 12.5 g crude protein and 54,4 g neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and the twigs 5.7 g crude protein and 64,2 g NDF. Poisoning has been recorded in sheep after they had eaten the leaves and fruits. Alkaloids have been detected in the leaf. Extracts of stem and leaves have shown dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing cyclooxyenase enzymes.

The tough roots rapidly blunt ploughs and other tools.

Description

Dioecious shrub or small tree up to 7 m tall, sometimes much smaller; bole sometimes spinescent towards the base; bark grey, more or less smooth. Leaves clustered at the ends of branches, simple and entire; petiole 3–15 mm long; blade obovate to oblanceolate, 1.5–8 cm × 0.5–3 cm, base cuneate, apex broadly tapering to rounded to acute, margin entire and tightly rolled under, papery to leathery, drying dull green or grey-green above, paler beneath, lower surface sparsely to densely silky hairy when young, hairs sometimes persistent, especially on the veins, midrib and lateral veins not prominently raised, secondary veins in 5–6 pairs. Flowers solitary in axils of leaves or reduced leaves towards base of current year’s growth, 8–15 mm in diameter, pendulous, creamy white, fragrant; pedicel slender, up to 3 cm long; calyx up to 8 mm long, deeply cleft into 5 lobes, densely silky hairy, lobes narrowly deltate or lanceolate-acuminate; corolla up to 1 cm. long, bell-shaped, widely open at the throat, densely strigulose outside, lobed to just below the middle, lobes 5, ovate-oblong, obtuse; male flower with 10 stamens 3–4.5 mm long, with glabrous filaments and narrowly lanceolate, apiculate, densely setose anthers, pistillode similar to functional pistil but with reduced styles and lacking stigmas; female flower with 10 densely setose staminodes 1–2 mm long, ovary subglobose, 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm, ridged, tomentellous, 6, 8 or 10-celled, styles (3–)5, common part puberulous, style-branches glabrous, ending in a shallowly bi-lobed stigma. Fruit an ovoid or globose berry up to 2 cm × 1.5 cm, apiculate, red, becoming black, downy hairy or glabrescent, persistent calyx accrescent, up to 1.5 cm long, lobes narrowly deltate and ultimately strongly reflexed, 1–6-seeded. Seeds up to 13 mm long, brown, smooth.

Other botanical information

Diospyros is a large pantropical genus of about 500 tree species. Most of them are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate regions. In tropical Africa, about 90 species occur, several of which produce valuable timber or edible fruits; in Madagascar also about 90 species occur. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Diospyros section Royena is a distinct, monophyletic group of closely related species. It has been considered a separate genus, but most authorities retain it as a section of Diospyros.

In Diospyros lycioides 4 subspecies are recognized differing mainly in leaf form and distribution:

– subsp. lycioides (synonym: Royena lycioides (Desf.) A.DC.; vernacular name: Karoo bluebush): shrub or small tree up to 7 m tall; branchlets spreading at right angles or slightly ascending at the ends, occasionally spinescent; leaves crowded towards the tips, blade up to 4 cm × 1.5 cm, glabrous or slightly velvety, lateral veins not raised. It is mainly found in Botswana, Zimbabwe and the drier parts of Namibia and South Africa, in riparian forest and thicket at 600–1000(–2700) m altitude.
–
– subsp. guerkei (Kuntze) De Winter (synonym: Royena guerkei Kuntze; vernacular names: quilted bluebush, eastern bluebush, Natal bluebush): shrub or small tree up to 5 m tall; branchlets ascending, not spinescent; leaves not crowded, blade 2–5 cm × 1–2 cm, distinctly net-veined. It occurs in Botswana and north-eastern South Africa, in rocky habitats, often associated with quartzite outcrops, from sea-level up to 2150 m altitude.
–
– subsp. nitens (Harv. ex Hiern) De Winter (synonym: Royena nitens Harv. ex Hiern; vernacular name: silvery bluebush): small, multi-stemmed shrub up to 1.5 m tall; leaf blade small, up to 2 cm × 1 cm, densely covered with silvery hairs. It occurs in north-eastern South Africa, in dry, hot bushveld, grasslands and rocky outcrops, from sea-level up to 1550 m altitude.
–
– subsp. sericea (Bernh.) De Winter (synonym: Royena sericea Bernh.; vernacular names: eastern bluebush, Kalahari star apple, hairy bluebush, Natal bluebush): shrub or small tree up to 7 m tall; branchlets usually ascending, with the leaves inserted more or less evenly along their length, rarely spinescent; leaf blade up to 8 cm × 3 cm, densely hairy. It is distributed from Upper Shaba in DR Congo and Angola southwards to Namibia and eastern Cape Province in South Africa, occurring from sea-level up to 2000 m altitude in bushland and thicket, especially on riverbanks and termite mounds and in rocky locations, sometimes at edges of riparian forest or forming secondary thickets following over-grazing.
–

Growth and development


Early growth is fast. In Zimbabwe trees produce fruits after 4 years. In southern Africa flowering is in (August–)September–December(–April), and fruiting in (November–)January–May(–October). Old fruits remain on the tree until the next flowering season. Diospyros lycioides is in leaf year round, with some bare individuals in winter and with new leaves in September–November. The species forms thickets from the root system.

Ecology

Diospyros lycioides is one of the most widely distributed and ecologically versatile woody species in southern Africa. It occurs from sea-level up to 2700 m altitude and is most common in open vegetation, often along rivers or on termite mounds. It is an indicator of bush encroachment in rangeland in South Africa.

Propagation and planting

Diospyros lycioides seeds are orthodox and store well. Propagation is best done with seeds soaked overnight in hot water. Propagation by cuttings is very difficult. The 1000-seed weight is 90–140 g. Seedlings require exposure to full sun, but can tolerate very cold conditions. Natural dispersal of seed is mainly by mammals that eat the fruit. (source - retrieved from www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4,lycioides&p=Diospyros+lycioides on 3/18/2013)


In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

To view pictures of this plant and its fruit, go to, www.bing.com/images/search?q=Diospyros+lycioides+Monkey+Plum&qpvt=Diospyros+lycioides+Monkey+Plum&FORM=IGRE

To learn more, go to,

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To enjoy an online Bible study called “Follow the Christ” go to, religious-truths.forums.com/default/digital-book-on-18-part-follow-christ-bible-study-3?replies=6#post-1421

Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth. "Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Tropical apricot is a natural occurring hybrid from Florida, developed in 1953 from a kitembilla, (Dovyalis hebecarpa) and Abyssinian gooseberry (Dovyalis abyssinica).

The plant has many of the attributes of both parents. It is also known as Dovyah’s Hybrid or just Dovyalis. The name ketcot was proposed in 1960 but was not widely adopted, as the fruit never achieved the popularity that was expected. The name tropical apricot, which has been used to describe the fruit’s color and taste, is how the plant is commonly referred to in pan-tropical areas where it grows. The dovyalis should not be confused with Mamey, (Mammea americana L.), another fruit called South American apricot or tropical apricot.

Tropical apricot is a large shrub growing in excess of 25 feet with a width that matches the height. Its tall branches are covered with 2 to 4 inch deep green leaves and often with thorns. The branches bend downward increasing the width of the plant and are covered with numerous male, female and perfect flowers. The fruit is thin-skinned fruit 3/4 to almost 2 inches in diameter, turn from green to pale yellow-orange to red when fully ripe. Yellow-orange fruit are harvestable and will continue to ripen to red. The soft yellow-orange flesh is usually sour with a distinctive apricot like flavor. Some larger fruit contain 1 to 5 seeds while the majorities are seedless.

Tropical apricot is a recent introduction to Hawaii, although it’s parent, the kitembilla, (Dovyalis hebecarpa), was brought to the islands in the early 1920’s and used as a boundary plant to keep cattle out of sugar cane growing areas. Use of the kitembilla was very popular in jam and jelly, often mixed with papaya or mango.

Varieties
Plants are usually identified as sour and less sour, thorns or nearly thornless. Thorns can be as long as 4 to5 inches on mature trees. Seedling shrubs are highly variable in thorniness or degrees of sourness of the fruit and rate of growth. A cultivar ‘Prodigal’ is available in Florida and maybe available in a few local nurseries.

Environment
The tropical apricot, adapted to a wide range of soils from 300 to 2500 feet elevation, and has been known to survive frost in northern Florida. In deep soils with proper nutrition, the plants can grow more than 3 feet in height and width per year. Seedlings tested in South Kona showed significantly more growth in deeper soil (32 inches of soil) than those planted in rocky areas (13 inches of soil). Mature trees will produce some fruit year around with peak production being the spring rainy season and a second moderately heavy crop in fall. Spacing of 15 feet is recommended for producing trees and 3 to 5 feet for hedgerows.

Culture
Plants should be given a complete fertilizer, such as organic 6-6-6, quarterly. Additional minor elements should be applied yearly or twice yearly if the soil is alkaline. Heavy mulching during the dry season will help maintain the shrubs health and appearance.
Tropical apricot requires heavy pruning especially if maintained as a barrier hedge.

Removing branches with excessive thorns, dieback or lateral growth, is done to facilitate harvesting. Thirty minutes of pruning per month was sufficient for a 20-year old tree in South Kona. Mature plants do not require as much rainfall or irrigation once established. Ten minutes of daily irrigation using a 1/4-gallon per hour emitter will increase production during off-season. The plant will fruit in full sun or partial shade. The majority of fruit form on outer branches.

Shrubs are easily propagated from cuttings or from air layers, which will fruit in the first or second year after planting. Seedlings are often found under mature trees. Seedlings generally produce fruit in 3 to 4 years but tend to have more thorns than those from cuttings or air layers. Grafting the tropical apricot to a kitembilla rootstock has been practiced in South Florida’s commercial nurseries. [source - retrieved from www.fruitipedia.com/tropical_apricot.htm on 1/04/2013]

In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].
.
How this tree and other plants absorb water from the ground. Plants have developed an effective system to absorb, translocate, store, and utilize water. Plants contain a vast network of conduits, which consists of xylem and phloem tissues. These conducting tissues start in the roots and continue up through the trunks of trees, into the branches and then into every leaf. Phloem tissue is made of living elongated cells that are connected to one another and responsible for translocating nutrients and sugars (carbohydrates), which are produced by leaves for energy and growth. The xylem is also composed of elongated cells but once the cells are formed, they die. The walls of the xylem cells still remain intact and serve as an excellent peipline to transport water from the roots to the leaves.

The main driving force of water uptake and transport into a plant is transpiration of water from leaves through specialized openings called stomata. Heat from the sun causes the water to evaporate, setting this ‘water chain’ in motion. The evaporation creates a negative water vapor pressure. Water is pulled into the leaf to replace the water that has transpired from the leaf. This pulling of water, or tension, occurs in the xylem of the leaf. Since the xylem is a continuous water column that extends from the leaf to the roots, this negative water pressure extends into the roots and results in water uptake from the soil. [adapted from: www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=follow-up-how-do-trees-ca ]

Clearly this clever water transport system shows a superior intelligence of the Creator (YHWH).


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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Hi Everyone:

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, specifically the Dragon Claw Millet, leusine coracanaEleusine coracana, including African finger millet and caracan millet (koracan),[1] (Common names: Bengali, Nepali: Marwa, Gujarati: Nagli, Bavto, Hindi: ragi, mandika) is an annual plant widely grown as a cereal in the arid areas of Africa and Asia. E. coracana is native to the Ethiopian Highlands.[2] It is very adaptable to higher elevations and is grown in the Himalaya up to 2,300 metres in elevation.

Cultivation
Eleusine coracana is often intercropped with legumes such as peanuts (Arachis hypogea), cowpeas (Vigna sinensis), and pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan), or other plants such as Niger seeds (Guizotia abyssinica).

Although statistics on individual millet species are confused, and are sometimes combined with sorghum, it is estimated that finger millet is grown on approximately 38,000 km2.

India is a major cultivator of finger millet with a total cultivated area of 15870 km2. The state of Karnataka is the leading producer of finger millet, known as Ragi in the region, accounting for 58% of India's Ragi production.[3]

Nutrition
Finger millet is especially valuable as it contains the amino acid methionine, which is lacking in the diets of hundreds of millions of the poor who live on starchy staples such as cassava, plantain, polished rice, or maize meal. Finger millet can be ground and cooked into cakes, puddings or porridge. The grain is made into a fermented drink (or beer) in Nepal and in many parts of Africa. The straw from finger millet is used as animal fodder. It is also used for a flavored drink in festivals.

Nutritional value of Finger Miller per 100g [4]
Protein 7.6g
Fat 1.5g
Carbohydrate 88g
Calcium 370mg
Vitamins - A: 0.48mg
Thiamine (B1): 0.33mg
Riboflavin (B2): 0.11mg
Niacin: 1.2mg
Fiber 3g

Preparation as food
In Karnataka, Ragi flour is boiled in water and the resultant preparation, called Ragi Mudde is eaten with Sambar.
In India, finger millet (locally called by various name including ragi and nachani) is mostly grown and consumed in Karnataka, Rajasthan,[5] Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Maharashtra, Kumaon(Uttarakhand) and Goa.[6] Ragi flour is made into flatbreads, including thin, leavened dosa and thicker, unleavened roti. Ragi grain is malted and the grains are ground. This ground flour is consumed mixed with milk, boiled water or yoghurt.

In Karnataka, ragi flour is generally consumed in the form of ragi balls (ragi mudde in Kannada). It is the staple diet of majority of Southern Kannadigas, especially in the rural areas. The mudde which is prepared by cooking the Ragi flour with water to achieve a dough like consistency. Which is then rolled into 'balls' of desired size and consumed. Ghee with huLi, Saaru, sambar or chicken curry is generally served along with these balls. Mudde is broken with the fingers into small chunks, dipped in the saaru or the curry and swallowed without chewing.

In Andhra Pradesh Ragi Sankati (Telugu), which are ragi balls are eaten in the morning with a chilli, onions, sambar (lentil based stew)or meat curry and helps them sustain throughout the whole day.

In Odisha the tribal and western hilly regions ragi or Mandiaa is a staple food.The porridge and Pithas made up of ragi are more popular among village folk.

Finger millet in its commonly consumed form as a porridge
In Maharashtra, bhakri (in Marathi; also called bhakri in Northern Karnataka), a type of flat bread is prepared using finger millet (ragi) flour. Bhakri is called (ragi rotti in Kannada) in Karnataka. In Goa ragi is very popular and satva, pole (dosa), bhakri, ambil (a sour porridge) are very common preparations.

In Nepal, a thick dough made of millet flour (?h??o) is cooked and eaten with the hand. Fermented millet is used to make a beer (jãã?) and the mash is distilled to make a liquor (rak?i).

In the northwest of Vietnam, finger millet is used as a medicine for women when they give birth. A minority used finger millet flour to make alcohol (bacha alcohol is a good drink of the H'mong minority).

In the Kumaon region of northern India, it is called Maddua and is traditionally fed to women after child birth. In southern parts of India, pediatricians recommend finger-millet-based food for infants of six months and above because of its high nutritional content, especially Iron and calcium. Home made Ragi malt happens to be one of the most popular infant food even to this day. In Tamil Nadu, ragi is considered to be the holy food of Amman, otherwise knowns as "Goddess Kali". Every small or large festival of this goddess is celebrated with, women making porridge in the temples and distributing it to the poor and needy. This porridge is called Kuzl which is a staple diet in farming communities alongside raw onion.

In India, Ragi recipes are hundreds in number and even common food stuffs such as dosa, idly and laddu are made out of ragi.
Puttu: Puttu is a traditional breakfast of Kerala, usually made with Rice powder together with coconut grating and steamed in a cylindrical steamer. The preparation is also made with Ragi powder, which is supposed to be more nutritive.

In Sri Lanka, Finger millet is called Kurakkan and is made into:
Kurakkan roti: An earthy brown thick roti with coconut.

Thallapa: A thick dough made of ragi by boiling it with water and some salt until like a dough ball, it is then eaten with a very spicy meat curry and is usually swallowed in small balls than chewing.

References
1. ^ "USDA GRIN Taxonomy". www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14992.
2. ^ A.C. D'Andrea, D.E. Lyons, Mitiku Haile, E.A. Butler, "Ethnoarchaeological Approaches to the Study of Prehistoric Agriculture in the Ethiopian Highlands" in Van der Veen, ed., The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa. Kluwer Academic: Plenum Publishers, New York, 1999.
3. ^ agmarknet.nic.in/ragi.pdf Govt of India - Ministry of Agrriculture Report on Ragi harvest
4. ^ "Eleusine coracana - (L.)Gaertn.". Plants For A Future. www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleusine+coracana. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
5. ^ Rajasthan: by Gopal K. Bhargava, Shankarlal C. Bhatt,p 319
6. ^ Ragi is one of the important crop in the Indian state of Goa (source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusine_coracana on 3/8/2013)

In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)[for more details, go to http://www.jw.org].

To view pictures of this plant and its usages, go to, www.botanicalgarden.ubc.ca/potd/2008/06/eleusine_coracana.php

Now to know the truth, go to:

1) religioustruths.forumsland.com/

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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today, and go to www.jw.org!

[iris89]

Almighty God’s (YHWH) Great Gift to Mankind, The Rare Fruit Trees and Herbs

Here is a Commentary on Bountiful Trees and Vegetables God (YHWH) has provided for mankind, Dragon Fruit, Hylocereus species, a veining cactus of much promise. Why? It requires very little water in order to grow and San Diego farmers who are looking for a profitable plant that will reduce their water bill are strongly considering this plant.

In Genesis 1:11-13, "And God said, Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth: and it was so. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (American Standard Version, ASV)

Dragon fruit are fast growing, climbing cacti and require support to grow. A tree, a post, a trellis, or special box supports at 3 to 4 feet make excellent growing supports. It is only when they grow up one of these and start to have the new growth hanging down that they produce their fruit. Flowering of Dragon Fruit, Hylocereus species, is triggered by two days in a row of heavy rains with warm weather. Fruit develop quickly and usually ripen approximately 4 weeks after flowering. In general, only stems which are horizontal or hanging down will flower. The fruit can be picked anytime after coloring, though are usually best 5 to 7 days after initial color. Once the tips of the fins on the fruit turn brown, the fruit should be picked if they haven’t been already. Plants in general need at least 3 to 4 hours of direct sun in order to flower. They love mulch, fertilizer and water. Some varieties such as Vietnamese Jaina, Purple Haze, Physical Graffiti, Natural Mystic, Haley’s Comet, Dark Star, American Beauty, etc. are self-fertile. However, many varieties require hand pollination to increase fruit set and fruit size. They do very well on palm trees, branching, hanging down and fruiting as they climb,. They do best on palms which naturally shed their frounds which prevents them from climbing over the crown. I however grow my Vietnamese Jaina on a post set 2 feet into the ground with a small wooden frame 2 to 3 feet from the ground. They should be pushed with fertilizer and mulch until they get to the top of whatever they are growing on. Do not use herbicides any near Dragon Fruit plants, but being a cactus they are very drought tolerant and once established require little care. To see pictures of Dragon Fruit, go to www.mauidragonfruit.com/ or www.tradewindsfruit.com/dragon_fruit.htm

PROPOGATION:

The dragon fruit plant can grow easily from vine cuttings. Plant the vine in good potting soil only 1 to 2 inch deep. Water once every two week and let the soil dry up. With filtered sunlight and warm temperature, the vine will grow root first. Once the root is established, new vines will sprout from the nodes.

FOOD VALUE OF DRAGON FRUIT:

One dragonfruit can weigh between 150 and 600g, but with its thick covering, only about 60 percent is edible. To enjoy dragonfruits, it is best to eat the creamy pulp cold. The middle part is the sweetest, and after cutting the fruits in half, you just have to sthingy the flesh out. Dragonfruits are common in Asia (particularly in Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines) and in Central and South America. They are among the many wonder fruits that are said to provide multiple health benefits. In addition, dragonfruits help protect the environment because they absorb carbon dioxide at nighttime, and then release oxygen to purify the air.

Calories,
If you are looking for fruits that are filling and delicious, but will help keep your weight in check, dragonfruits are a perfect choice. A 100g serving of dragonfruit has only 60 calories: 18 calories from fat (all unsaturated), 8 calories from protein and 34 calories from carbohydrates. Dragonfruits do not have complex carbohydrates, so they can be easily broken down by the body.

Fats and Cholesterol,
Dragonfruits do not contain cholesterol, saturated fat and trans fat, so regular consumption will help manage your blood pressure and control your cholesterol levels. The seeds of dragonfruits are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids) that reduce triglycerides and lower the risk of cardiovascular disorder.

Fiber,
Dragonfruits are high in fiber, so regular consumption can help avoid constipation, improve your digestive health and help you reduce weight.

Vitamins and Minerals,
Dragonfruits are rich in vitamin C, containing 9mg per serving that is equivalent to 10 percent of the daily value. Thus, eating dragonfruits helps strengthen your immune system and promotes faster healing of bruises and wounds. In fact, regular eating of dragonfruits will help ward off chronic respiratory disorders such as asthma and cough. Dragonfruits also contain B vitamins such as B1 for better carbohydrate metabolism, B2 for recovery and improvement of appetite, and B3 for reducing bad cholesterol while improving the skin condition.

Dragonfruits are also packed with minerals such as calcium for stronger bones and teeth, phosphorus for tissue formation and iron for healthy blood. One dragonfruit contains approximately 8.8g of calcium, 36.1mg of phosphorus and 0.65mg of iron.

Phytoalbumins,
Dragonfruits contain phytoalbumins, which have antioxidant properties that help prevent the formation of cancer cells. In addition, dragonfruits are also known to increase the excretion of heavy metal toxins from the body.

Lycopene,
Lycopene is also present in dragonfruits, and this is the pigment responsible for their red color. Lycopene is said to prevent prostate cancer. [source - retrieved from www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/the-nutritional-value-of-dragonfruit.html on 12/02/2012]

Vernacular names of Hylocereus
These fruits are commonly known as "dragon fruit" as in the Chinese hu? lóng gu?, "fire dragon fruit", and lóng zh? gu?, "dragon pearl fruit". The Vietnamese thanh long meaning "green dragon", the Indonesian and Malaysian buah naga, the Lao mark mang gohn, and the Thai kaeo mangkon or "dragon crystal". Other vernacular names are strawberry pear or nanettika fruit. [source - retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitaya on 12/02/2012]
As can be readily seen, Dragon Fruit is a wonderful gift from Almighty God (YHWH).

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Your Friend in Christ Iris89

Francis David said it long ago, "Neither the sword of popes...nor the image of death will halt the march of truth."Francis David, 1579, written on the wall of his prison cell." Read the book, "What Does The Bible Really Teach" and the Bible today!